Concepts of Programming Languages - Chapter 1

Review Questions

1.       Because it can increase our capacity to use different constructs in writing programs, enables us to choose languages for projects more intelligently, and makes learning new languages easier.

2.       It makes us better in understanding of the significance of implementation, in use of languages that are already known.

3.       Fortran

4.       COBOL

5.       LISP

6.       C

7.       Disadvantage of having too many features are make the users confused about what features will they used for solving problems, and  not all of the features will be used by the user

8.       Operator overloading means that a single operator symbol has more than one meaning, it can lead to reduced readability if users are allowed to create their own overloading and don’t do it sensibly, and it would make the program more confusing for both the author and the program’s reader.

9.       In case structured data type (record and array), record can be returned from function but arrays can’t. Parameters are passed by value, unless they are arrays, in case they are, in effect, passed by reference.

10.   ALGOL 68

Problem Set

1.       Yes, because when we want to make an algorithmic step for a program at least we can tell what kind of function will be used by us to make the program, so we can create and test the program as soon as we can after we have done with the algorithm.

2.       Ada Lovelace

3.       Disadvantages of multiple programming languages are sometime we could forget or confused in using the function in some type of languages, lack of time to study all of languages

4.       Scientific applications support for scientist and for complicated calculation, but can be used in business too sometimes, but languages for business applications support for economical purpose and can’t be used by scientist for calculating formulas and kinds of complicated calculation.

5.       Languages for artificial intelligence are developed in type of software and mostly used for programming an artificial things, language for web software are designed for make web content, HTML type.

6.       Reliability, because when a program is said to be reliable it include overall criteria of a good program such as simplicity, orthogonality, readability, writability, etc. And it has a lower cost